Wednesday, October 6, 2010

Dokumen-Dokumen Kewangan

Invois

Invois digunakan apabila berlaku urusniaga secara kredit di mana berfungsi sebagai bil kepada penjual ataupun pembeli. Di dalam invois dinyatakan nama pelanggan, tarikh jualan, jumlah jualan, tempoh kredit serta jenis barangan dimana memudahkan rekod perakaunan dilaksanakan. Invois boleh dibahagikan kepada dua iaitu invois daripada penjual dan invois daripada pembeli. Invois jualan disediakan apabila berlaku jualan kredit manakala invois belian disediakan jika berlaku pembelian kredit.

Baucer Pembayaran

Baucer pembayaran digunakan apabila perbelanjaan runcit berlaku sama ada menggunakan tunai mahupun cek daripada bank. Ianya merupakan bukti wujudnya sejumlah wang yang tel;ah dikeluarkan serta siapa yang membenarkan pembayaran itu berlaku. Tarikh, penerima wang tunai, jumlah bayaran serta tujuan pembayaran dinyatakan didalamya.

Resit Perniagaan

Resit merupakan bukti pembelian mahupun penjualan dimana pembayaran telah dibuat. Pembayaran dibuat sama ada menggunakan wang tunai, cek bank mahupun kad kredit. Didalamnya dinyatakan tarikh pembayaran atau penerimaan, penerima, tujuan pembayaran dan juga cara pembayaran dibuat.

Nota Debit

Nota debit digunakan apabila syarikat ingin mendebitkan sesuatu akaun. Biasanya dikeluarkan apabila pembeli dikenakan bayaran yang kurang dari sepatutnya, ketinggalan sesuatu kos yang sepatutnya dikenakan ataupun pembeli gagal memulangkan bekas-bekas yang sepatutnya dipulangkan.

Nota Kredit

Nota kredit digunakan apabila syarikat ingin mengkreditkan sesuatu akaun. Tujuannya untuk memberitahu kepada pelanggan jumlah hutang mereka telah dikurangkan. Biasanya berlaku apabila pembeli memulangkan barang yang dibeli, pembeli dikenakan harga yang lebih dari sepatutnya ataupun pembeli dikenakan diskaun daripada pembelian mereka.

Lain-Lain Dokumen

Lain-lain dokumen adalah seperti bil-bil setempat, utiliti, penyata bank, penyata penghutang, wang ehsan dan sebagainya dimana penting sebagai sumber rujukan dan bukti bahawa berlakunya sesuatu urusniaga.

Rekod Tidak Lengkap

Pengenalan

• Rekod tidak lengkap adalah satu cara merekod data perakaunan yang tidak mengikut sistem catatan bergu.
• Rekod ini juga dikenali sebagai sistem catatan tunggal di mana urus niaga dicatat sekali sahaja.
• Catatan tunggal ini biasanya amalkan oleh perniagaan-perniagaan kecil seperti kedai runcit, kedai buku dan sebagainya.
• Pada umumnya, rekod-rekod yang disimpan merangkumi:
a. rekod penerimaan dan pembayaran wang
b. baki tunai di tangan dan di bank
c. rekod mengenai penghutang dan pemiutang
d. rekod yang berkaitan dengan aset dan liabiliti yang dimiliki



Kelemahan Sistem Catatan Tunggal

• Imbangan duga tidak dapat disediakan kerana amaun debit dan kredit tidak seimbang. Maka ketepatan kerja merekod tidak dapat diperiksa.
• Tiada rekod disimpan untuk modal, aset-aset, liabiliti dan sebagainya.
• Sukar untuk mengesan kesilapan dan catatan-catatan yang salah mudah dilakukan.
• Kawalan atas kos serta perbelanjaan perniagaan menjadi rumit kerana maklumat hasil dan belanja tidak dicatat dengan lengkap.
• Taksiran tentang untung dan rugi perniagaan tidak tepat kerana catatan belian, jualan, hasil dan belanja tidak lengkap. Maka perbandingan prestasi perniagaan tahun-tahun sebelumnya sukar dibuat.



Kelebihan Sistem Catatan Bergu

• Mengesan kesilapan dengan lebih mudah dan dapat membetulkan kesilapan dengan senang.
• Membolehkan penggunaan:

ASET = LIABILITI + EKUITI PEMILIK

• Tanpa penggunaan sistem catatan bergu, persamaan perakaun tidak seimbang.



Penentuan Untung dan Rugi

• Untung bersih boleh ditentukan dengan langkah-langkah seperti berikut:
o Cari perbezaan antara modal awal dengan modal akhir untuk mengira untung.
o Campurkan perbezaan dengan ambilan sama ada dalam bentuk tunai atau stok dan menolak penambahan modal baru.

Ilustrasi:

Modal pada akhir tempoh x x
(–) Modal pada awal tempoh (x x)
Tambahan modal x x
(+) Ambilan x x
(–) Modal tambahan (x x)
Untung/Rugi pada xx/xx/xx x x

Kesimpulannya:
o Apabila berlakunya peningkatan di dalam modal setelah ambilan diambil kira, keuntungan diperolehi.
o Jika berlakunya pengurangan, kerugian diiktiraf.

Penyata Penyesuaian Bank

Penyata bank

- Salinan semasa akaun pelanggan.
- Penyata bank menunjukkan baki akaun semasa pelanggan awal dan akhir
- Bahagian debit menunjukkan pengeluaran manakala bahagian kredit menunjukkan penerimaan.

Kegunaan

- menyemak dan mengesahkan ketepatan baki
- menyemak jumlah penerimaan dan pengeluaran
- mengetahui baki awal dan akhir

Sebab berlaku perselisihan baki

- cek/ simpana belum dikredit
- cek/ pembayaran tidak dikemuka
- ketinggalan urusniaga
- kesilapan catatan
- pemindahan kredit
- arahan tetap

Jenis-Jenis Kesilapan

Akaun Tergantung
 jika kesilapan tidak dapat dikesan, akaun ini dibuka sementara untuk menyamakan jumlah debit dengan jumlah kredit dalam Imbangan Duga.

Kesilapan Amaun
 apabila amaun salah catat di sebelah debit dan sebelah kredit, kesilapan ini berlaku.

Kesilapan Ketinggalan
 apabila urus niaga langsung tidak dicatat di mana-mana buku,kesilapan ini berlaku.

Kesilapan Komisen
 apabila mencatatkan urus niaga dalam akaun perorangan yang salah, kesilapan ini berlaku.

Kesilapan Prinsip
 apabila mencatatkan urus niaga dalam akaun yang salah, kesilapan ini berlaku.

Kesilapan Saling Mengimbang
 kesilapan di sebelah debit diimbangi kesilapan yang amaunnya sama di sebelah kredit.

Kesilapan Songsang
 catatan bergu dicatat ke dalam dua akaun yang betul tetapi telah diterbalikkan.

Kesilapan Yang Ketara
 kesilapan yang ditunjukkan dalam Imbangan Duga yang tidak imbang.

Kesilapan Ketara
 kesilapan yang tidak ditunjukkan dalam Imbangan Duga. (Imbangan Duga masih imbang walaupun kesilapan berlaku)

Ethic Issues....how to solve it

Akram is an Account Manager for the newest restaurant chain group in Kuala Lumpur that operated since 3 month ago and has potential to become successful. This company currently has 2 restaurant outlet and just a matter of time to set up another two within the next few months. Both restaurants that currently operating is situated at the side walk of the same Shopping Complex but offers different concept and image.

At beginning, this company was established with the help of consultant which was hired by the two director of the company. The duty of this consultant is to assist the directors in determining the concept, staffing, procedures and administrative documentation. The director comprises of two individuals who came from different corporate world background. All the restaurant staffs were hired locally which majority at the age of 25 below which include a waiters, kitchen helpers, cashiers and of course the chef. The remuneration payment for the workers include OT, double paid, one day rest, allocation of rest day etc.

Because the directors are still new in this industry, consultant proposition and recommendations are systematically adopted without questioning. Even the salary scheme that is unfair from Akrams’ viewpoint due to mismatch between salary and job description of certain employees. Akram tried with vain to raise this issue many times but the management strongly believe that the consultant would be able to handle and overcome the problem.

Among the serious problems the company is facing that affects the performance of the business are high administrative expenses, absenteeism, missing during working hours, coming late to start operation, higher waste of stocks, too many staff and also poor sales. However, the staffs always complained working conditions and argue about their benefits, they tend to be very demanding. They requested repeatedly to start working at 8am instead of official opening time that is 6.30am. From Akram’s view the consultant is not doing the right job and would not be able to help the company overcoming these issues if there is no appropriate strategy driven by the company with proper control from the management.

The major crisis started in the fifth month of the operation when the sale collection was poor and there was not even sufficient income to pay the staff’s salary. The directors had to pay from their own money to support the shortfall and to the shock of Akram, they fired the consultants and blame them for the problem that arouse. Then, his directors admitted that they had big communication problem with the consultant earlier and had to put the trust on them after they had paid a consultant fee in advance. The directors has asked Akram to prepare the cost analysis of the company and were very disappointed when they were informed that the company won’t be able to continue the business and to close down the operation in the next 3-4 month if all the problems mentioned before are not quickly resolved.

After everything else seem too hard to knob, the directors have decided to terminate all 35 workers and replace them by foreign workers which can reduce the operation cost. Akram was instructed to implement this decision, but as an employee Akram was wondering about the company behaviour towards employees and also about the future of this company.

Monday, September 20, 2010

IT in Business

It just so happen that businesses perceive IT as a main instrument in organizing their resources so that efficiently doing theirs activities. As businesses becoming competitively among each others due to the availability in deriving needed resources, they started equipping with the best IT solution without take into consideration the cost that going to bear.

IT may expedite the way businesses doing thing. As before this, a company is doing thing manually in processing the orders and has to wait for the dispatching order to be received by the production department concern. Now, using the IT solution, company can conduct theirs operation through an online basis without the need of hiring a person in charge for the order and furthermore can connecting people throughout the world without to bear a higher cost. A company can also derived immediately all the necessary report which expedite the decision making process such as accounting report, production report, sales report, human resource report etc.

IT also may reduce the use of human resources in handling the task concern. What is usually done by more than 4 staffs is needed only 1 staff now, if using the IT technology. For example in receiving the orders of customers, at least 2 staff in charge in handling the orders, documenting it and also reporting to the person concern. By using the IT as a way in managing the tasks, the orders may be directed automatically to the production dept. without needed a department that received the order to handling it. The same goes in preparing the accounting report. Even though the purchasing and sales activities would not involved the accounting people directly but still because the transaction is recorded by the department concern, they can recognize what activities that happening and can monitor the report that being input without having to have a people checking and going to the department concern.

Even though the gains is clear when businesses using IT as a main instrument to running the activities, but it seem that much of companies that apply this so called IT system is not able to capture the initial expectation. Some companies even had to bear a burden in paying their liability that they used when installing the IT system. The reason why this thing happening is that;
a) High Research & Development cost; this mean that businesses has to spend a huge amount of investment for the system that not necessarily can perform with the needed expectation. If let say the company outsourcing the implementation of their IT system, it is not necessarily can become successful as they may not or able to cope the company vision and mission and furthermore, the paid is quit high. If let say the company developed internally, it may not able to meet the expectation of the management as the person in charge with this IT implementation may be inexperience and not well verse with the technology itself. Even though internally is cheaper but if let say the problem arise, the cost can be higher that using the outsourcing.
b) Timing of implementation; usually during the R & D period, the system will undergo several testing to check the compatibility and effectiveness of the system. For that, a lot of time losses in given a way the system to functioning. Loss of time is in term of staff normal working time which they have to be idle for a while every time the testing is running. When testing period is conducting, I create such behavior that staffs existence is no longer needed. The level of motivation would certainly drop and surely affecting the business activities as a whole.

As a conclusion, for the IT development in business, in my opinion, human resource is the main factor for the successfulness of the businesses. We should treat them as an asset rather than liabilities or burden that the company has to bear. Staff training and motivation should be emphasized and at the same time planting in their mind the company reason for the existence which also the outcome that the staff could derived. Regardless the businesses using the IT system or not, if there is a full support by the staff, the success of the company can surely be gained.

Thursday, September 16, 2010

Perbelanjaan

Perbelanjaan ditakrifkan sebagai perbelanjaan yang diguna oleh perniagaan dengan tujuan untuk membantu dan melancarkan aktiviti-aktiviti perniagaan yang dijalankan dalam usaha untuk mendapatkan untung. Perbelanjaan dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian iaitu perbelanjaan hasil dan perbelanjaan modal.

Perbelanjaan hasil adalah pembelian barangan dan pembayaran untuk tujuan pentadbiran, operasi dan kewangan syarikat dimana iannya mengurangkan jumlah keuntungan yang diterima. Perbelanjaan hasil berlaku dalam jangka masa yang pendek dan berulang kali dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan untung. Contoh perbelanjaan seperti belian baramngniaga, sewa, iklan, susut nilai dan lain-lain lagi.

Perbelanjaan modal adalah perbelanjaan didalam pembelian ataupun pengantian aset tetap. Perbelanjaan ini berlaku dalam jangka masa yang panjang dan bukan berulang kali. Perbelanjaan modal tidak memberi kesan keatas keuntungan yang diterima oleh syarikat dimana catatannya direkod didalam kunci kira-kira. Contoh perbelanjaan ini seperti belian aset tetap, yuran guaman pembelian aset tetap, penambahan aset tetap dan lain-lain.

Hasil

Hasil adalah segala penerimaan yang menambahkan pendapatan sesuatu perniagaan. Iannya terbahagi kepada dua bahagian iaitu penerimaan hasil dan penerimaan modal.

Penerimaan hasil adalah penerimaan yang berkaitan dengan urusniaga biasa bagi sesuatu syarikat. Urusniaga boleh dibahagikan kepada dua bahagian iaitu urusniaga daripada hasil tujuan perniagaan ditubuhkan dan hasil selain daripada tujuan perniagaan ditubuhkan. Sebagai contoh, Syarikat Sepakat ditubuhkan dengan tujuan untuk menghasil dan menjual kasut keselamatan. Hasil simpanan jualan disimpan didalam bank dimana setiap simpanan akan diberikan faedah oleh pihak bank tersebut. Hasil jualan kasut tersebut dikira sebagai hasil daripada tujuan penubuhan perniagaan manakala faedah yang diterima dari pihak bank dikira bukan hasil daripada tujuan perniagaan. Contoh lain seperti komisen diterima, diskauan diterima, hutang lapuk terpulih dan sebagainya.

Penerimaan modal adalah penerimaan daripada sumber-sumber yang mengerakkan syarikat dan menambahkan pendapatan syarikat pada suatu tempoh yang lama. Iannya mempengaruhi perjalanan dan operasi syarikat tersebut serta untung pada suatu tempoh yang lama. Contoh seperti modal, saham, jualan aset tetap, pinjaman perniagaan dan sebagainya.

Penyata Pendapatan

Adalah gabungan Akaun perdagangan dan Akaun Untung Rugi dalam bentuk penyata. Penyata pendapatan menunjukkan jumlah pendapatan dan perbelanjaan yang berlaku di dalam syarikat di mana, pada tahun kewangan tertentu syarikat memperolehi keuntungan ataupun kerugian.

Cth 2.1.1

Nama Syarikat

Penyata Pendapatan bagi tahun berakhir 31 Dis…………


RM RM

Jualan
Tolak: Kos Barang Jualan

Stok awal
Belian
Angkutan Masuk

Tolak: Stok Akhir

Untung Kasar

Campur: Hasil

Diskaun Diterima
Komisen Diterima
Faedah Diterima



Tolak: Belanja

Sewa
Diskaun Diberi
Angkutan Keluar
Gaji
Utiliti

Untung Bersih

Fungsi-Fungsi Perakaunan

Membuat keputusan
Rekod-rekod perakaunan yang disediakan boleh membantu didalam merangka keputusan-keputusan yang bakal dibuat. Rekod-rekod yang disediakan pada tahun sebelumnya boleh dijadikan asas bagi mengelakkan daripada berlakunya kesilapan dan mengurangkan kelemahan didalam merangka strategi dan polisi syarikat.

Menguruskan kegiatan perniagaan
Perjalanan syarikat menjadi lebih lancar dan tersusun kerana segala urusan telah direkod dengan baiknya. Data-data tersebut boleh digunakan untuk aktiviti-aktiviti syarikat seperti jumlah baki bank untuk urusan perbelanjaan mahupun jumlah baki penghutang untuk mendapatkan kembali hak syarikat.

Mengawal aktiviti-aktiviti perniagaan
Kedudukan perniagaan boleh diteliti melalui rekod kewangan. Segala perbelanjaan dan penerimaan dikemaskini bagi mengelakkan data-data tertinggal. Sebarang aktivit-aktiviti penipuan yang mungkin berlaku melibatkan sumber kewangan syarikat yang boleh dikesan jika ianya berlaku.

Merancang perjalanan syarikat
Rekod-rekod kewangan sebelum mahupun semasa digunakan untuk merancang operasi syarikat. Angka-angka rekod tersebut digunakan sebagai asas bagi merancang, dan menganalisa kemungkina-kemungkinan yang akan berlaku bagi melancarkan perjalanan syarikat yang tentunya menghadapi saingan yang ketat daripada pesaingnya.

Konsep-Konsep Asas Perakaunan

Di dalam menyediakan laporan kewangan, yang baik adalah perlu matlamat yang hendak dicapai dikenalpasti oleh pihak pengurusan. Konsep-konsep perakaunan menjelaskan objektif-objektif untuk penyata kewangan tersebut di dalam mengumpul, merekod, mengkelas dan menyampaikan maklumat-maklumat kewangan.

Usaha Berterusan
Operasi perniagaan hendaklah di anggap sebagai usaha berterusan. Ini bermakna, perniagaan di andaikan bahawa tidak akan dibubarkan pada bila-bila masa. Apabila perniagaan dianggap tidak beroperasi di masa akan datang, maklumat-maklumat kewangan tidak boleh digunakan lagi kerana nilai pasaran adalahlebih bermakna untuk pembubaran.

Kos Sejarah
Merupakan asas bagi penilaian rekod-rekod perakaunan. Kos sejarah adalah nilai yang sebenarnya dibayar bagi perjalanan kewangan dan operasi syarikat. Nilai bagi belian akan kekal di dalam buku perakaunan walaupun nilai pasarannya berubah.

Tempoh Perakaunan
Sesuatu organisasi di dalam menyediakan maklumat perniagaan perlu menetapkan tempoh atau jangka masa waktu perakaunan. Ianya penting di dalam menetukan prestasi syarikat apabila perbandingan dilakukan antara dua tempoh perakaunan. Secara amnya, tempoh perakaunan ialah satu tahun tetapi untuk mencapai maksud atau tujuan tertentu, tempoh satu minggu, satu bulan suku tahun dan sebagainya digunakan.

Tindakan berhati-hati/ konvertisme
Keadaan kewangan atau prestasi sesebuah operasi tidak dapat ditentukan. Pemilihan kaedah perakaunan hendaklah diamalkan dengan berhati-hati supaya nilai asset dan pendapatan tidak terlebih nyata. Prinsip ini mengalakkan nilai liabiliti dinyatakan dengan nilai yang tinggi manakala nilai aset dinyatakan nilai yang terendah.

Kepentingan Nilai Mengatasi Bentuk (substance over form)
Urusniaga–urusniaga hendaklah mengikut kepentingan nilai dan bukan atas sifatnya dan kelazimannya. Apabila urusniaga tersebut tidak dapat ditunjukkan maka sebab-sebab tidak dapat ditunjukkan hendaklah diterangkan dengan kelas dalamnota akaun.

Pemadanan
Untuk mendapatkan untung ataupun rugi bersih perniagaan, hasil dan belanja bagi tahun perakaunan hendaklah dibezakan. Bagi mendapatkan untung ataupun rugi yang tepat, perbezaan hasil dan belanja hendaklah dipadankan bagi tahun berkenaan sahaja.

Pengukuran nilai
Pengrekodan maklumat perakaunan hendaklah diukur atau dinilai di dalam bentuk nilai matawang. Konsep ini membolehkan aktiviti-aktiviti perniagaan diberi nilai dalamlaporan kewangan.

Tuesday, June 15, 2010

User of Accounting Info

Accounting is a system of identifying classifying, recording, summarizing, analyzing and reporting financial data and information of organization in accordance with accepted principles, concepts, conventions, and standards and regulations.
Referred to the meaning of accounting, we can possibly said the users of accounting information can be:
• Owner(s) of the business.
They want to be able to see whether or not the business is profitable. In addition they want to know what the financial resources business are.
• A prospective buyer.
When the owner wants to sell their business the buyer will want to see such information.
• The Bank.
If the owners want to borrow money for use in the business, then the bank will need such information.
• Tax inspectors.
They need it to be able to calculate the taxes payable.
• A prospective partner.
If the owners want to share ownership with someone else, then the would- be partner will want such information.
• Investors, either existing ones or people wondering whether or not to invest their money in the business.

They could be any other users who need the accounting information for their own importance.

Contoh aktiviti

Tarikh
1-Jan Memasukkan wang ke dalam syarikat RM 10,000.
3-Jan Belian barangniaga secara tunai RM 2,000.
5-Jan Jualan barangniaga secara tunai RM 3,500.
8-Jan Belian barangniaga secara kredit RM 2,000.
11-Jan Membayar gaji pekerja RM 500.
15-Jan Membayar sewa pejabat RM 350.
16-Jan Jualan barangniaga secara kredit RM 1,500.
20-Jan Penghutang membayar RM 500 untuk melunas sebahagian hutang.
22-Jan Membeli alatulis pejabat RM 100.
23-Jan Membayar kepada pemiutang RM 1,000.
28-Jan Pemunya mengambil wang tunai RM 100.
31-Jan Penghutang membayar RM 1,000 untuk melunas kesemua hutangnya.

Cuba buat lejar...berpa baki imbangan duga? berapa untung atau rugi?

Monday, June 14, 2010

Classification of Activity

i. Revenue/ Income: Return or sales from Company’s or business activities.
a. Sales of products
b. Sales of services
c. Interest from saving
d. Gain from penalty
e. Commission received

ii. Expenditure: Payment or purchased from Company’s or business activities.
a. Purchase of stock
b. Rent
c. Insurance
d. Salary
e. Utilities
f. Fuel


iii. Asset: Company’s tangible or intangible that one possesses in operating company’s businesses.
a. Motor vehicles
b. Land
c. Building
d. Cash
e. Debtor
f. Machinery


iv. Liabilities: obligation of an entity arising from past transactions or events, in operating company’s businesses.
a. Loan from pay
b. Loan from creditor


v. Capital: capital needed by the company to finance its operations.
a. Shares issued
b. Owner owns fund

Type of asset

1. Fixed asset or long term asset : Physical in nature. Motor vehicle, building, equipment, furniture, land
2. Current asset : Liquid in nature. The balance amount go on changing. Cash, Debtor, Income accrued
3. Non current asset : Not in physical nor in liquid form. Very hard to evaluate. Patent, copyright, goodwill

To depreciate or not to depreciate
Fixed asset value mostly are depreciated (except land) because everyday utilization. The loss in value mostly are determined at the time of purchased based on the permissible method such as reducing balance method, yearly method or straight line method etc.

Current asset are in exception of this rule.

Non current asset also depreciated but the term use to show the deterioration of value is dissimilar. We called it amortization. And the amount of losses is dependable of the condition concern such as due to company that may put under administration, probably being taking over, in the process of legal suit etc.

IT & Business

It just so happen that businesses perceive IT as a main instrument in organizing their resources so that efficiently doing theirs activities. As businesses becoming competitively among each others due to the availability in deriving needed resources, they started equipping with the best IT solution without take into consideration the cost that going to bear.

IT may expedite the way businesses doing thing. As before this, a company is doing thing manually in processing the orders and has to wait for the dispatching order to be received by the production department concern. Now, using the IT solution, company can conduct theirs operation through an online basis without the need of hiring a person in charge for the order and furthermore can connecting people throughout the world without to bear a higher cost. A company can also derived immediately all the necessary report which expedite the decision making process such as accounting report, production report, sales report, human resource report etc.

IT also may reduce the use of human resources in handling the task concern. What is usually done by more than 4 staffs is needed only 1 staff now, if using the IT technology. For example in receiving the orders of customers, at least 2 staff in charge in handling the orders, documenting it and also reporting to the person concern. By using the IT as a way in managing the tasks, the orders may be directed automatically to the production dept. without needed a department that received the order to handling it. The same goes in preparing the accounting report. Even though the purchasing and sales activities would not involved the accounting people directly but still because the transaction is recorded by the department concern, they can recognize what activities that happening and can monitor the report that being input without having to have a people checking and going to the department concern.

Even though the gains is clear when businesses using IT as a main instrument to running the activities, but it seem that much of companies that apply this so called IT system is not able to capture the initial expectation. Some companies even had to bear a burden in paying their liability that they used when installing the IT system. The reason why this thing happening is that;
- High Research & Development cost
- Timing of implementation

As a conclusion, for the IT development in business, in my opinion, human resource is the main factor for the successfulness of the businesses. We should treat them as an asset rather than liabilities or burden that the company has to bear. Staff training and motivation should be emphasized and at the same time planting in their mind the company reason for the existence which also the outcome that the staff could derived. Regardless the businesses using the IT system or not, if there is a full support by the staff, the success of the company can surely be gained.

Accounting Records

Accounting is a matter of inputting data in a standard format set by authority concern. Other than that...the need to understand the principle and reason being why such transaction recorded in that particular manner is vital............so that better undertanding and can inteprate the current company's situation prudently for the benefit of the company.......furthermore,.as long as u guys remember and knew the format, surely you can prepare the accounts accordingly.